The reappearing tool: transparency, smart technology, and the extended mind

Type Journal Article Author Michael Wheeler URL http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00146-018-0824-x Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 857-866 Publication AI & SOCIETY ISSN 0951-5666, 1435-5655 Date 12/2019 Journal Abbr AI & Soc DOI 10.1007/s00146-018-0824-x Accessed 2022-07-28 15:07:58 Library Catalog DOI.org (Crossref) Language en Abstract Some thinkers have claimed that expert performance with technology is characterized by a kind of disappearance of that technology from conscious experience, that is, by the transparency of the tools and equipment through which we sense and manipulate the world. This is a claim that may be traced to phenomenological philosophers such as Heidegger and MerleauPonty, but it has been influential in user interface design where the transparency of technology has often been adopted as a mark of good design. Moreover, in the philosophy of cognitive science, such transparency has been advanced as necessary for extended cognition (the situation in which the technology with which we couple genuinely counts as a constitutive part of our cognitive machinery, along with our brains). By reflecting on concrete examples of our contemporary engagement with technology, I shall argue that the epistemic challenges posed by smart artefacts (those that come equipped with artificialintelligence-based applications) should prompt a reassessment of the drive for transparency in the design of some cases of technology-involving cognition. This has consequences for the place of extended minds in the contemporary technological context. Short Title The reappearing tool