From access to impact: the gold OA advantage | Springer Nature

"This white paper explores the effect of different routes to OA on the reach and impact of articles in hybrid journals. The data shows that, 8 years on from our first major study into this topic, there is still a substantial advantage for gold OA articles across all disciplines (measured by downloads, citations and Altmetric Attention Score) over both non-OA articles and green OA articles. 4

The analysis of 204,781 articles published in 1,812 hybrid Springer Nature journals in 2023 also shows how gold OA can accelerate the number of downloads over time and the diversity of geographic readership, leading to faster impact and greater equity in access."