Trends in Hypertension Diagnosis and Self-Reported Cases: A Retrospective Analysis of National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Database

Cureus. 2025 Mar 16;17(3):e80655. doi: 10.7759/cureus.80655. eCollection 2025 Mar.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a major public health issue, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Understanding trends in hypertension diagnosis and self-reported cases can help inform strategies for prevention and management.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the trends in hypertension diagnosis and self-reported cases in the United States (U.S.) through the use of National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data (2019-2023). In particular, the study analyzes the changes in the prevalence rates across the major demographics (race, age, and gender), socioeconomic (social vulnerabilities, education, and income) and geographical factors through the use of statistical modelling. This study seeks to recognize the key determinants that shape such trends and evaluate their implication with regard to targeted interventions and public health policies.

METHOD: Data from the NHIS (2019-2023) were examined, focusing on trends in hypertension prevalence based on demographic factors such as age, gender, race, nativity, and social determinants of health (e.g., social vulnerability, employment status, education level, and family income).

RESULT: Hypertension prevalence among U.S. adults remained consistently high. Age-adjusted rates were 27.0% in 2019 and increased slightly to 27.5% in 2023. Males showed higher hypertension rates (28.3% in 2023) compared to females (26.7%). Among age groups, the highest rates were observed in older adults: 54.3% for those aged 65-74 and 62.7% for individuals 75 years and older in 2023. Racial disparities persisted, with Black adults having the highest hypertension prevalence at 34.8% in 2023, while Asians had the lowest at 22.3%. Hypertension rates also varied with socioeconomic factors: individuals with lower income (28.4% for those below 100% Federal Poverty Level (FPL)) and lower educational attainment (40.5% for those without a high school diploma) had higher prevalence rates. Social vulnerability and employment status also influenced hypertension trends, with higher rates in individuals with high social vulnerability or non-employment.

CONCLUSION: Hypertension remains a persistent health issue, particularly among vulnerable populations. Targeted interventions are needed to address these disparities and reduce the burden of hypertension in the U.S.

PMID:40236333 | PMC:PMC11998861 | DOI:10.7759/cureus.80655