Predicting distant metastasis in early-onset kidney cancer using machine learning: a SEER database study with external validation

Patients with early-onset kidney cancer (EOKC) face a marked decline in prognosis after distant metastasis, yet the accuracy of current predictive methods remains limited. This study aims to develop a predictive model using multiple machine learning algorithms to establish a precise tool for predicting distant metastasis in EOKC. Patients diagnosed with EOKC from 2004 to 2015 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were included in the study. After rigorous screening,...