An interactive human PROS1 variants database provides novel insights into the genetics and phenotypes of inherited protein S deficiency

J Thromb Haemost. 2026 Apr 10:S1538-7836(26)00219-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jtha.2026.04.004. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The lack of an interactive PROS1 variant database has impeded efficient research on inherited protein S deficiency (PSD).

OBJECTIVES: We aim to develop an interactive PROS1 variant database for studying PSD epidemiology, genotype-phenotype correlations, and variant pathogenicity, thereby improving thrombotic risk prediction and clinical decision-making.

METHODS: We constructed an interactive database by systematically collating inherited PSD data from PubMed. ACMG classification was performed to explore variant pathogenicity. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, genotype-phenotype correlations and thrombosis risk assessment in PSD.

RESULTS: The database comprises 520 unique PROS1 variants identified from 2,177 individuals with PSD, including 88 biallelic variant (BV) cases and 2,089 monoallelic variant (MV) cases. More than 91% variants are pathogenic or likely pathogenic based on ACMG classification. Certain variants demonstrate ethnic or geographic specificity. While the spectra of clinical presentations are similar between BV and MV individuals, BV carriers have a significantly earlier onset age. In BV individuals, total PS and free PS levels, but not PS activity, show a correlation with the first-onset age. Notably, total PS in type III MV individuals is well correlated with their first-onset age, and these cases show a significantly lower frequency of symptoms and recurrent/multiple episodes, as well as later first-onset age. Furthermore, coexistence of other thrombophilia factors increases thrombosis risk of MV individuals.

CONCLUSION: This database provides a valuable resource for retrieving pathogenic PROS1 variants and associated clinical data, enhancing our understanding of thrombotic risk in PSD and facilitating precision medicine for PSD.

PMID:41967715 | DOI:10.1016/j.jtha.2026.04.004